However, of accidents or the fear of mugging? If this is in addition to travelers, several categories of so, are spaces of transportation still users that often find it difficult to take place representative of the general population of a elsewhere, such as homeless people or city? These Design, maintenance and security are all environments thus constitute good learning aspects of train stations that are under the grounds for travelers who need to cope with a responsibility of public administrations.
Should public space be conceived as a public They are truly cosmopolitan. In recent years, a service? Some scholars go further and equate number of stations in France have been built or public space with a "right to the city.
Don Mitchell , an American resist disinvestment. Another answer is that scholar, has shown how the design and cafes manage to bring together the community maintenance of numerous city centers dimension and the anonymous dimension of reclaimed by business districts are often aimed the city.
They are spaces where to talk about at keeping away unsightly presences. They can become denied the last place available to sleep. This community centers for special event and points at a control of space that, by limiting benefit from occasional patrons. As places of physical bodily presence, restricts the very discussion, cafes are regulated by the principle possibility of being anywhere in the city, the of "publicity" that according to Habermas possibility of being anybody at all.
On the generates a "public sphere". It means other hand, spaces of mass traffic still that the rhetoric used by discussants must be generally offer that right in its dual dimension.
Cafes can thus become a learning guarantee them the freedom to circulate in ground for politics, a place where community order to satisfy needs. They are also the activists improve their ability to address a material spaces of copresence that let people public.
Rather than a Perhaps, train stations are the exact discussion, the main communicative tool is the opposite of the community. They may give or a cultural event takes place, or in the form urbanites a good view of who their fellow of a political demonstration for all to see in the denizens are but are they the best places to city and sometimes in the nation.
Artists and voice concerns? They enrich the spectacle, offer basic 6. Public space and food and, by the same token, transform democracy, plazas and themselves in public characters who watch cafes, respite and over the street Tonnelat Can they be communications considered public servants in the same way as public transportation workers?
Two other public spaces could be a better Demonstrations often waiver, in the embodiment of the communicative function of writings of scholars, between crowds and public space. As crowds, conversation and debate, and the square as a they are viewed as an indistinct and often place of political gatherings, rallies and unpredictable mass driven by contagious demonstrations.
The It is, according to Oldenburg , a demonstration is thus one of the best "third place," where people can be in a familiar illustrations of the encounter of the "public environment, open to the street and regulated sphere" in the form of the media and the by social norms not entirely dominated by a accessible public space.
It is indeed the very community. Recently, in urban planning, cafes visibility of groups of people in a symbolic and restaurants have been valued as an asset to space that becomes the event, which is then animate public space. Terraces notably bring to distributed by the media.
Not the other way the sidewalk a conviviality that is taken as a around. In other words, the "public sphere" measure of success of a public space. Why is it represented by the Internet, newspaper and so? One obvious answer is that terraces are television is all the more efficient that there is signs of economic vitality. As opening. As members of the team, we tried, places of expression of dissent, public squares, my colleague, Yann Renaud and I, to identify especially historic places, are often heavily the conflicts that inhabitants were wary about controlled by police and design strategies that and to set up discussion groups to prepare for aim at reducing the possibility of gathering or their resolution Renaud and Tonnelat Public space and and Thibaud The group discussions participation, urban parks were aimed at recognizing these skills and as design projects transforming them into inputs for the design project and the management of the park.
This Demonstrations illustrate contentious ways for experience is only one among others but it a public to express itself, especially when other shows that a public space can also emerge as a places of discussion and negotiation are public question via its design and maintenance, unavailable. But public space can also be which largely determine its accessibility. Thus viewed in a more cooperative way as a means a way to bring together the communicative and to bring together, at the local scale, inhabitants, the spatial dimension of public sphere is not users, managers and elected officials around only through contentious uses of space but the discussion of specific problems.
Public through an attention to public space as a public parks, for example, are in high demand in service that can be thought of as a collective urban environment. They embody the presence project by inhabitants and administrators alike of nature in the city. They offer respite from Dewey They encourage the practice of sports and recreation.
Less well 3. In fact, less than a Public Spaces encompass a wide array of retreat away from the crowds, parks are often spaces, from old historic centers to suburban places were social contacts are numerous both developments. Their form, uses and among regulars and among occasional visitors.
If they are usually very local places, used and occupied considered today as assets for urban renewal by inhabitants of surroundings blocks. But and new developments — economic incentives, more so than cafes, they are also open to public health and well-being, image of the city, anybody, from poor to rich, from inhabitant to mobility, conviviality — our opinion is that the visitor.
Users display in parks an ability to need and the success of public space is before distribute and share space that does not only anything else predetermined by its ability to depend on the work of public employees to bring together two main and necessary quality enforce civic rules. Users show definite skills upon which all the rest depends: accessibility at conflict resolution, skills at using or not and communication. Of course, as we have using design features in ways they were seen, each of these criterions can be declined conceived for, skills at negotiating with the in various degrees, from exclusive to open to administration about the functioning of the all, and from communitarian to anonymous.
It park hours, cleanliness, radios… Low is in the ability of elected officials, designers, These observations make us say that managers and users that the right dosage parks are already co-managed by users and resides and that larger issues can be employees.
Could these skills be used to collectively addressed. Recently, the city of Paris commissioned a team of landscape architects to design a new 4 4. References hectares park in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. Wary about the difficult social situation of the neighborhood poverty, crowdedness, Anderson, Elijah. Code of the street: drug dealing… , it asked that a team of decency, violence, and the moral life sociologists help the designers in order to of the inner city. New York: W.
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