Default values for these parameters can be set in the Oracle8 initialization file. Table shows what each NLS parameter specifies. An encoding scheme usually called a character set or code page is a range of numeric codes that corresponds to the set of characters a terminal can display. It also includes codes that control communication with the terminal. During an Oracle8 database session you can change the values of NLS parameters. Two internal database datatypes are for multi-byte character data.
You use these datatypes only in relational columns. You specify which host variables hold National Character Set data. Then you are able to store National Character Set data in those variables. You can omit the token IS. This is called host variable equivalencing. The value of length must be large enough to accommodate the external datatype. For other external datatypes, length is optional. For example, a scale of 2 means the value is rounded to the nearest hundredth 3. You can specify a precision of However, the maximum precision and scale of a database column are 38 and , respectively.
A constant or constant expression. There must be at least one of the two clauses, or both. This can sometimes result in the creation of a buffer of LONG size. Database tables are allowed to have only one LONG column. An error is raised if there is more than one LONG value. To avoid such errors, you use a length shorter than the size of a LONG. A multi-byte character string in an embedded SQL statement consists of a character literal that identifies the string as multi-byte, immediately followed by the string.
The string is enclosed in the usual single quotes. Since Oracle8 is case-insensitive, you can use "n" or "N" in the example. LOB types can appear as table columns and also as object type attributes. Host variables for LOB locators are structures that are dynamically allocated and freed. The memory management scheme differs somewhat based on whether the LOB locator is for a relational column or for an embedded object type attribute, the important difference being that memory for an embedded LOB locator comes from the object cache during allocation of the object itself, whereas other LOB locators do not reside in the object cache.
Upon a successful allocation, the value of the LOB host variable will be set to point to the allocated memory. This will be illustrated by a sample program.
The following program illustrates the use of LOB variables. WRITE embedded in it. READ embedded in it. The buffers holding the output data and the input data are then compared for equality. A cursor variable is a handle for a cursor that must be defined and opened on the Oracle release 7.
For example:. It has scope, following the scope rules of C. You can pass it as a parameter to other functions, even functions external to the source file in which you declared it. You can also define functions that return cursor variables, or pointers to cursor variables. So you can always pass it by pointer to another function, or return a pointer to a cursor variable from a function. But you can only pass it or return it by value if your C compiler supports these operations.
Before you can use a cursor variable, either to open it or to FETCH it, you must allocate the cursor. Allocating a cursor does not require a call to the server, either at precompile time or at runtime.
Allocating a cursor variable does cause heap memory to be used. For this reason, you should normally avoid allocating a cursor variable in a program loop. Memory allocated for cursor variables is not freed when the cursor is closed, but only when the connection is closed. You must open a cursor variable on the Oracle8 Server.
This will prevent the cancellation of the parent cursor and allow the program to run without errors. In the example above, a reference cursor was defined inside a package, and the cursor was opened in a procedure in that package.
But it is not always necessary to define a reference cursor inside the package that contains the procedures that open the cursor. If you need to open a cursor inside a stand-alone stored procedure, you can define the cursor in a separate package, and then reference that package in the stand-alone stored procedure that opens the cursor.
Here is an example:. Note that the cursor variable is a host variable, and so you must precede it with a colon. The sqlcdat function translates an allocated cursor variable to an OCI cursor data area. The syntax is:. Note: In the case of an error, the V2 and rc return code fields in the CDA also receive the error codes. The rows processed count field in the CDA is not set. The SQLCA components are only set after a database operation is performed using the translated cursor.
Memory for both cda and cur must be allocated prior to calling these functions. These sources are available on-line in your demo directory. If you supply a username containing both username and password, only one host variable is needed. Your program can prompt for the values, or you can hard code them as follows:. Nor can you use quoted literals. For example, both of the following statements are invalid :.
To connect using a Net8 driver, substitute a service name, as defined in your tnsnames. If you are using Oracle Names, the name server obtains the service name from the network definition database. ORA parameter file.
However, the string cannot contain trailing blanks. In Figure , an application program communicates with one local and three remote Oracle8 databases. By eliminating the boundaries in a network between different machines and operating systems, Net8 provides a distributed processing environment for Oracle8 tools. You learn how your application can. For details on installing Net8 and identifying available databases, refer to the Oracle Net8 Administrator's Guide and your system-specific Oracle8 documentation.
The communicating points in a network are called nodes. Net8 lets you transmit information SQL statements, data, and status codes over the network from one node to another. A protocol is a set of rules for accessing a network.
The rules establish such things as procedures for recovering after a failure and formats for transmitting data and checking errors. The Net8 syntax for connecting to the default database in the local domain is simply to use the service name for the database.
If the service name is not in the default local domain, you must use a global specification all domains specified.
Each node has a default database. If you specify a database name, but no domain, in your CONNECT statement, you connect to the default database on the named local or remote node. The connection can be to any default or non-default database at any local or remote node.
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Files larger than 1 GB may take much longer to download and might not download correctly. You might not be able to pause the active downloads or resume downloads that have failed.
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