The virus typically causes clusters of hundreds or even thousands of warts to appear at once , although there are cases where only a single papilloma is present. These abnormal growths can get rather large, ranging from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in size. Image source: Marvista Vet.
Mouth warts on dogs are caused by the oral papilloma virus , otherwise known as oral papillomatosis or canine papillomavirus type 1 CPV1.
This highly transmissible disease causes dogs to acquire warts on their oral mucous membranes. The oral papilloma virus is present within the wart itself, so the transmission can occur through direct contact and indirect contact with items an infected dog has touched such as a food or water bowl, toy, or bedding. Therefore, the risk of CPV1 transmission is significantly higher at dog daycare and breeding facilities where common items are shared.
Canine papillomas have an incubation period of one to six months , so if your dog has a mouth wart, it may be difficult to establish when or how they became infected. The primary symptom of canine papilloma virus is the appearance of warts around the mouth. Fortunately, dog warts are benign , meaning they do not pose dangerous health risks and will not cause any discomfort unless they become infected. Image source: Woodbrook Animal Clinic.
Most dogs are asymptomatic unless the sores interfere with swallowing or chewing, or the lesions become infected. Infected papillomas can cause swelling, bleeding, bad breath, and pain. Behavioral changes might be noticed if the sores are painful enough to inhibit eating. In healthy dogs, the majority of mouth warts spontaneously regress and go away on their own within two to three months ; surgical excision is rarely necessary.
Pet parents can monitor the development of viral warts through each stage of papilloma growth on dogs. Stage 1: A small, smooth lesion appears around the mouth and continues to grow or multiply. They may regress spontaneously within a few weeks to months, and removal is generally not necessary.
If necessary, the exophytic lesion can be debulked with electro- or radiosurgery or by sharp resection. Surgical removal of one or more of the papillomas may initiate regression. The use of commercial or autogenous vaccines should be considered in very severe cases in which the dog cannot swallow or breathe normally. The self-limiting character of the disease makes evaluation of any treatment difficult. Severe oral papillomatosis may be seen in immunocompromised dogs with lymphoma.
Other wart-like lesions are benign exophytic proliferations of squamous epithelium. They are clinically indistinguishable from virus-induced papillomas but are generally slow growing and solitary. They most commonly remain benign, and surgical removal is curative. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in as a service to the community.
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Language: English French. This report describes an outbreak at a dog daycare facility where 13 of 52 dogs developed suspected canine papillomavirus CPV infection.
Based on contact tracing, subclinical CPV shedding was speculated. Active surveillance, exclusion of animals with active or recent infection and cohort formation may have been effective in stopping the outbreak. Hospital acquired infections HAIs in human healthcare settings are of great health and economic concern 1. Human HAIs have been associated with numerous factors, including weakened immune systems of patients, poor compliance of healthcare staff with procedures such as hand hygiene and high patient-patient interaction 2 , 3.
While traditionally the focus on HAIs is transmission within hospital environments, it is increasingly clear that there can be a strong influence of the community, as patients who are admitted shedding a pathogen clinically or asymptomatically can be important sources of infection 4 , 5. Similar risk factors and transmission dynamics exist in veterinary hospitals and settings such as dog daycares and boarding facilities, in which there may be mixing of animals from different origins.
Concentrated populations, admission of animals from diverse backgrounds, direct animal contact, and fomites, among other factors, can create an ideal environment for pathogen transmission 6.
Little has been published on pathogen outbreaks and control measures in these animal group settings. However, anecdotally, outbreaks in facilities such as dog daycares are not uncommon and under-reporting is a considerable issue where investigation may be limited or there is reluctance to report problems.
Papillomaviruses can be found in various mammalian species, but are highly host-specific with numerous types identified in dogs 7.
Infection can be transmitted by direct contact with the papilloma s of an infected dog or contact with the virus in the environment. The virus requires microabrasions to access the basal layer of the skin to establish an infection 8.
It is not known if dogs need to have visible lesions to be infectious. After an approximately 4-week incubation period 9 , 10 , lesions of varying size and number may become apparent, although subclinical infections are believed to also occur. The most common presentation is the development of oral lesions papillomatosis in young dogs, but cutaneous papillomatosis is also possible 9 , In most cases, lesions are mild and result in little apparent discomfort or complications, and spontaneous regression typically occurs over 4 to 8 wk However, severe clinical signs can be seen in some animals.
In rare cases, lesions can be so severe that they create difficulty eating and drinking and can be a cause of respiratory obstruction 8.
A definitive diagnosis of CPV can only be obtained through histopathology, polymerase chain reaction PCR , immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, or electron microscopy of biopsy samples. Additional diagnostics are needed to determine the CPV type. Given the generally limited severity or long-term health consequences of CPV infection, relatively short duration of clinical signs, and typically self-limiting nature of the disease, confirmatory testing is not often pursued.
Several approaches have been suggested for treatment e. Although CPV has been described since the 19th century, anecdotally frequently observed in dogs in group settings and is highly transmissible, little published information is available on disease occurrence 9. Furthermore, limited information is available on best practices that can be implemented to prevent or control CPV transmission and resulting outbreaks.
At the University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, a dog daycare facility was established as a branch of the community practice program. Daycare dogs were kept separated from community practice patients, although there was a shared entrance and lobby. Procedural separation from veterinary practice patients included separate dedicated items, runs, and common use areas.
At the daycare, dogs were managed as a single group, allowed to directly interact with other attendees and animal care attendants were responsible for monitoring the dogs. Common use toys and water dishes were available. Routine environmental cleaning and disinfection practices, using accelerated hydrogen peroxide, occurred once daily. On September 6, an animal care attendant noted oral lesions in a 9-month-old dog D1 at the dog daycare facility. The dog was subsequently examined by a facility veterinarian and papillomavirus infection was presumptively diagnosed.
The dog was immediately excluded from the daycare facility until free of oral lesions for 2 wk. On September 14, similar oral lesions were noted on another dog D2 at the daycare facility and were also diagnosed by a facility veterinarian as suspected papillomavirus infection. During a conversation with the owner of D2, it was reported that these lesions had been present for approximately 3 to 4 wk. This dog was excluded from the facility as per the previous dog.
Following the 2 identified suspect cases of CPV and concern about likely transmission to daycare dogs from these cases, an active surveillance program was established. Animal care attendants performed daily oral and external evaluations on all dogs at time of admission, with hand hygiene carried out between oral examinations. If clinical signs of CPV infection were found e.
A suspect CPV case was defined as a dog with clinical signs compatible with CPV infection in the form of oral or cutaneous papillomatosis that was supported by examination by a veterinarian. All cases were considered suspect as additional diagnostics e. Electronic daily dog attendance logs were kept for the daycare and subsequently reviewed to determine the population at risk and inform hypotheses for transmission within the facility.
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