For the jump trial, the sensitivity was reduced to the lowest setting. This setting was chosen because the largest ranges occur during the jump trial.
A jump, in this study, is defined as a six-inch lift from a two-foot takeoff and landing. The six-inch lift was measured using six-foot six-inch reference pole.
The subject stood feet planted on the mat and eyes pointed straight ahead at the lower taped mark. They were prompted to take practice jumps to the height where their eye level was aligned with the higher tape mark. Once the subject was comfortable, the proctor prompted the subject when to jump for the data collection.
Three 3 male subjects were selected for the initial study with an age range of 22 to 26 years of age. The applicants were asked to disclose any known conditions that effect the walking for the accuracy of the study. Before the experiment was conducted, the subjects were advised on the procedures and steps involved for the data collection process.
The students were also advised to wear socks and follow the markers during the walking and jumping process. Inclusion criteria were as follows: i Subject must be over 18 years of age. Exclusion criteria were as follows: i Subject has recently experienced any damage to bone or muscular structure that currently impacts their ability to walk i. User profile contains the following: i Subject number assigned ii Height iii Weight iv Sex v Age vi Ethnicity vii Frequency of physical activity viii Disclosure of any relevant medical conditions ix Does the subject use foot inserts.
The described inclusion, exclusion, and user profiles are advertised for recruiting the subjects for the study. They are also a part of the survey that the subjects fill out to apply for the research study. The entire data collection process will follow the approved IRB protocol to maintain the safety of the data. The data analyzed was the product of three iterations of the following tests: right foot walking, left foot walking, right foot running, left foot running, jumping, and standing.
The tests with the left and right foot were separated by simply conducting a test focusing on either foot at a time. All tests were analyzed using excel from data extracted from the HR Mat software.
The subjects were years of age. The three subjects were healthy at the time of the study, though one had a history of back issues. For the walking tests the force data was averaged between the three given tests for both the left and right foot.
The time of these tests was not averaged between the three results when graphing because this would cause either the omission or addition of forces at certain times. Though the time was not averaged, the averaging for the three walking tests was indicative of an average walking test as shown in Figure 5.
The peak forces were slightly shifted to the more average time while remaining very close to the peak forces measured. This includes the heel strike portion at the beginning of the test. The averages for the walking tests were compared between the subjects that are shown in Figure 6. Different subjects at different weights, heights, and arches produce very different walking profiles.
These differences in pressure peaks are also effected by the different foot types of the subjects. The right and left foot walking data are overlaid with a given offset so as to provide an approximate gait cycle as shown in Figure 7.
This is an approximation as the first force heel strike of the opposite foot occurs at two-thirds through the stride of the other foot. The average data for the three case studies was normalized for body weight and the percentage of the gait cycle elapsed in Figure 8. This data was then compared to Figure 9 where ten subjects had the ground reaction force measure and normalized using a similar method and equipment [ 22 ].
The walking data was also analyzed for the medial part of the heel as seen in Figures 10 and 11 and compared with other research studies as shown in Figure 12 [ 23 ]. Since the case studies were relatively young, only the young portion of Figure 12 should be considered. Similar to the walking test, the running test separated the values for the right foot and the left foot; however, the gait cycle is not shown as it would require times between the right foot toe off and the left foot heel strike.
The forces are once again averaged between the three trials for the left foot as shown in Figure The running test averages were also compared for the three case studies as shown in Figure Data from the running trials were segmented in Figure 15 to represent different parts of the foot and compared with other research studies shown in Figure 16 [ 22 ].
Because the case studies did not have shoes, a good representation of the data was the average peak pressures in Figure 15 , which has similar representation with shoes on as seen in Figure For Figures 15 and 16 , big toe is represented by T , medial forefoot 1 , central forefoot C , lateral forefoot 5 , medial midfoot MM , lateral midfoot LM , and the heel by H.
For the jumping, three tests were performed for each subject. Both the left and right foot forces were captured during the same time. Although they were compared and averaged, there were slight differences between the timing of the jump off to the jump land.
To improve the results of the jump data it was separated into three sections: the overall jump average of the case study, the jump off average, and the jump land average that are shown in Figures 17 , 18 , and Another downside to averaging the jump data is that the spring action of the foot while landing is averaged so it does not accurately show this action.
This data can be separated individually and analyzed more in the future. The data between the jump, jump off, and jump land averages were also compared for the three case studies. The jump data was segmented similarly to the running data for comparison to jump data from other research studies [ 22 , 24 ].
Although it followed similar trends such as low medial and lateral midfoot forces , the two data sets had drastically different peak forces as seen in Figures 21 and Without the cushion from a shoe, peak forces are unable to spread. The large standard deviation in the trials of Figure 21 can be attributed to a case study behaving as an outlier.
The standing data was averaged between three tests for each subject. The averaged standing data for the subjects are shown in Figure Over time, the data sets reached an equilibrium force for the subjects within a ten percent error of their actual weights.
Peak pressure analysis helps identify and quantify peak plantar pressure area. It displays force and pressure curves over time, demonstrates frame-by-frame single and multiple stances, and displays center of force pathway and its trajectory.
Figure 24 illustrates the movement of the center of force CoF during the gait cycle. The top graph shows the velocity of the CoF from anterior to posterior back to front , the middle graph shows the velocity in respect to the medial line of the foot side to side , and the last graph shows the total velocity of the CoF. During walking, the CoF travels to support the weight of the body for balancing and propelling forward.
Figure 25 shows the CoF pathway for both feet which are stitched into one graph for display. Figure 26 shows the pressure peak during walking. The peak pressure analysis shown in Figure 26 is an option given by the software to find and analyze the points of peak pressure during the gait.
As the center of gravity path moves as seen in Figure 25 , Figure 26 demonstrates the pressure distribution of both feet during walking. The green and red lines represent the pressure peak points with respect to time. The gait force versus time plot shown in Figure 27 shows the force distribution throughout the gate cycle for both feet. The plot shows the characteristic curve associated with a single pendular motion. When the heel strikes the ground, the force rises sharply. As the weight of the person is distributed on the heel, the force stops growing and begins to fall as the weight is distributed to the entire foot.
The pressure then grows as the weight shifts forward and spikes as the weight is focused on the mid stance and toe. As the heel and toe lift, the force drops again. The 3-box analysis shown in Figures 28 and 29 provides a quick visual of pressure and force profiles of the feet. Foot function parameter includes contact times, loading and off-loading rates, center of force CoF , velocities, and maximum force.
In the table, the walking medial peak force N represents the maximum force for a specific instance of time over the entire medial section of the heel. The research studies data are presented in Figure The peak pressure represents the maximum pressure at a small area in the medial heel section which was compared with other research studies The peak plantar pressure represents the maximum pressure experienced in specific locations in the segmented region.
The absolute peak data represents the maximum pressure at a specific point in the segmented area, while the average peak force represents the maximum pressure at a point in time over the entire area of the segmented section. The data as seen in Table 3 demonstrates the movement loads of anatomical regions of the foot during activities.
Also, the data sets from the subjects indicate that the test procedure is viable for varying subject profiles. However, as seen in Table 3 , for some data, there was strong indication that the procedure failed to be repeatable.
Specifically during the running test in the lateral forefoot region, one subject did not make contact with the sensor mat, skewing the significance factor to for the peak value. Such misinformation can be avoided by increasing the number of trials. The Presto-Scan system has the ability to measure foot pressure distribution while walking or standing. Don't see a system that meets all your requirements? We offer customized solutions to maximize customer engagements, enhance consumer satisfaction, and increase sales.
Contact us for more information. Tekscan's mat and walkway platforms can be found in clinical and research settings worldwide.
The systems are available with different connectivity choices as well as several sensor and software choices. Learn more about the different options and configurations available! Pressure measurement mats for a variety of applications including foot function analysis, balance and sway analysis, and pressure offloading for neuropathic feet. Our mats can also be used as customer engagement tools to measure foot pressure distribution while walking or standing. Collects dynamic data for insights into asymmetries to help optimize sports performance or reduce injury risk.
Tekscan works with you to develop customized solutions that maximize customer engagements, enhance consumer satisfaction, and increase sales. Learn more about retail solutions here. Raising the bar in dental care by revealing occlusal dynamics. Solutions to Help you Create Better, Differentiated Products and Services Tekscan's patented force measurement , pressure mapping , and tactile sensing solutions provide you with actionable information to optimize your product designs or improve clinical and research outcomes.
See real-world applications of our products Applications. Semiconductor Precision Clamping Pressure. Our traditional foot pressure measurement platforms in standard resolution for most pressure measurement applications including static and dynamic pressure data for foot function and gait analysis, as well as balance, sway and postural data.
All Tekscan pressure sensing mats come with fully-featured software for in-depth analysis of static and dynamic pressure data. Some system software analyzes balance and sway or can be used in baseline concussion testing. Get insights in plantar pressure distribution and segment the foot for a detailed foot function analysis. Dental Digital Occlusal Analysis. You are here Home.
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